This public statement, signed by 52 internationally known scholars, was active on the information highway early in 1995 following several rather heated and negative responses to Herrnstein & Murray's The Bell Curve. It was first published in The Wall Street Journal, Tuesday, December 13, 1994. An alphabetical listing of the scholars and their home institutions are given at the end of the statement.
Prologue
The Meaning and Measurement of Intelligence
Group Differences
Practical Importance
Source and Stability of Within-Group Differences
Source and Stability of Between-Group Differences
Implications for Social Policy
Prologue
Since the publication of "The BELL CURVE," many commentators have offered opinions about human intelligence that misstate current scientific evidence. Some conclusions dismissed in the media as discredited are actually firmly supported.
This statement outlines conclusions regarded as mainstream among researchers on intelligence, in particular, on the nature, origins, and practical consequences of individual and group differences in intelligence. Its aim is to promote more reasoned discussion of the vexing phenomenon that the research has revealed in recent decades. The following conclusions are fully described in the major textbooks, professional journals and encyclopedias in intelligence.
The Meaning and Measurement of Intelligence
Intelligence is a very general mental capability that, among other things, involves the ability to reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly, comprehend complex ideas, learn quickly and learn from experience. It is not merely book learning, a narrow academic skill, or test-taking smarts. Rather, it reflects a broader and deeper capability for comprehending our surroundings -- "catching on," "making sense" of things, or "figuring out" what to do.
Intelligence, so defined, can be measured, and intelligence tests measure it well. They are among the most accurate (in technical terms, reliable and valid) of all psychological tests and assessments. They do not measure creativity, character, personality, or other important differences among individuals, nor are they intended to.
While there are different types of intelligence tests, they all measure the same intelligence. Some use words or numbers and require specific cultural knowledge (like vocabulary). Others do not, and instead use shapes or designs and require knowledge of only simple, universal concepts (many/few, open/closed, up/down).
The spread of people along the IQ continuum, from low to high, can be represented well by the BELL CURVE (in statistical jargon, the "normal CURVE"). Most people cluster around the average (IQ 100). Few are either very bright or very dull: About 3% of Americans score above IQ 130 (often considered the threshold for "giftedness"), with about the same percentage below IQ 70 (IQ 70-75 often being considered the threshold for mental retardation).
Intelligence tests are not culturally biased against American blacks or other native-born, English-speaking peoples in the U.S. Rather, IQ scores predict equally accurately for all such Americans, regardless of race and social class. Individuals who do not understand English well can be given either a nonverbal test or one in their native language.
The brain processes underlying intelligence are still little understood. Current research looks, for example, at speed of neural transmission, glucose (energy) uptake, and electrical activity of the brain.
Group Differences
Members of all racial-ethnic groups can be found at every IQ level. The BELL CURVES of different groups overlap considerably, but groups often differ in where their members tend to cluster along the IQ line. The BELL CURVES for some groups (Jews and East Asians) are centered somewhat higher than for whites in general. Other groups (blacks and Hispanics) are centered somewhat lower than non-Hispanic whites.
The BELL CURVE for whites is centered roughly around IQ 100; the BELL CURVE for American blacks roughly around 85; and those for different subgroups of Hispanics roughly midway between those for whites and blacks. The evidence is less definitive for exactly where above IQ 100 the BELL CURVES for Jews and Asians are centered.
Practical Importance
IQ is strongly related, probably more so than any other single measurable human trait, to many important educational, occupational, economic, and social outcomes. Its relation to the welfare and performance of individuals is very strong in some arenas in life (education, military training), moderate but robust in others (social competence), and modest but consistent in others (law-abidingness). Whatever IQ tests measure, it is of great practical and social importance.
A high IQ is an advantage in life because virtually all activities require some reasoning and decision-making. Conversely, a low IQ is often a disadvantage, especially in disorganized environments. Of course, a high IQ no more guarantees success than a low IQ guarantees failure in life. There are many exceptions, but the odds for success in our society greatly favor individuals with higher IQs.
The practical advantages of having a higher IQ increase as life settings become more complex (novel, ambiguous, changing, unpredictable, or multi-faceted). For example, a high IQ is generally necessary to perform well in highly complex or fluid jobs (the professions, management); it is a considerable advantage in moderately complex jobs (crafts, clerical and police work); but it provides less advantage in settings that require only routine decision making or simple problem solving (unskilled work).
Differences in intelligence certainly are not the only factor affecting performance in education, training, and highly complex jobs (no one claims they are), but intelligence is often the most important. When individuals have already been selected for high (or low) intelligence and so do not differ as much in IQ, as in graduate school (or special education), other influences on performance loom larger in comparison.
Certain personality traits, special talents, aptitudes, physical capabilities, experience, and the like are important (sometimes essential) for successful performance in many jobs, but they have narrower (or unknown) applicability or "transferability" across tasks and settings compared with general intelligence. Some scholars choose to refer to these other human traits as other "intelligences."
Source and Stability of Within-Group Differences
Individuals differ in intelligence due to differences in both their environments and genetic heritage. Heritability estimates range from 0.4 to 0.8 (on a scale from 0 to 1), most thereby indicating that genetics plays a bigger role than does environment in creating IQ differences among individuals. (Heritability is the squared correlation of phenotype with genotype.) If all environments were to become equal for everyone, heritability would rise to 100% because all remaining differences in IQ would necessarily be genetic in origin.
Members of the same family also tend to differ substantially in intelligence (by an average of about 12 IQ points) for both genetic and environmental reasons. They differ genetically because biological brothers and sisters share exactly half their genes with each parent and, on the average, only half with each other. They also differ in IQ because they experience different environments within the same family.
That IQ may be highly heritable does not mean that it is not affected by the environment. Individuals are not born with fixed, unchangeable levels of intelligence (no one claims they are). IQs do gradually stabilize during childhood, however, and generally change little thereafter.
Although the environment is important in creating IQ differences, we do not know yet how to manipulate it to raise low IQs permanently. Whether recent attempts show promise is still a matter of considerable scientific debate.
Genetically caused differences are not necessarily irremediable (consider diabetes, poor vision, and phenal ketonuria), nor are environmentally caused ones necessarily remediable (consider injuries, poisons, severe neglect, and some diseases). Both may be preventable to some extent.
Source and Stability of Between-Group Differences
There is no persuasive evidence that the IQ BELL CURVES for different racial-ethnic groups are converging. Surveys in some years show that gaps in academic achievement have narrowed a bit for some races, ages, school subjects and skill levels, but this picture seems too mixed to reflect a general shift in IQ levels themselves.
Racial-ethnic differences in IQ BELL CURVES are essentially the same when youngsters leave high school as when they enter first grade. However, because bright youngsters learn faster than slow learners, these same IQ differences lead to growing disparities in amount learnedas youngsters progress from grades one to 12. As large national surveyscontinue to show, black 17-year-olds perform, on the average, more likewhite 13-year-olds in reading, math, and science, with Hispanics inbetween.
The reasons that blacks differ among themselves in intelligenceappear to be basically the same as those for why whites (or Asians orHispanics) differ among themselves. Both environment and geneticheredity are involved.
There is no definitive answer to why IQ bell curves differ acrossracial-ethnic groups. The reasons for these IQ differences betweengroups may be markedly different from the reasons for why individualsdiffer among themselves within any particular group (whites or blacks orAsians). In fact, it is wrong to assume, as many do, that the reason whysome individuals in a population have high IQs but others have low IQs must be the same reason why some populations contain more such high (or low) IQ individuals than others. Most experts believe that environment is important in pushing the bell curves apart, but that genetics could be involved too.
Racial-ethnic differences are somewhat smaller but still substantial for individuals from the same socioeconomic backgrounds. To illustrate, black students from prosperous families tend to score higher in IQ than blacks from poor families, but they score no higher, on average, than whites from poor families.
Almost all Americans who identify themselves as black have white ancestors -- the white admixture is about 20%, on average -- and many self-designated whites, Hispanics, and others likewise have mixed ancestry. Because research on intelligence relies on self-classification into distinct racial categories, as does most other social-science research, its findings likewise relate to some unclear mixture of social and biological distinctions among groups (no one claims otherwise).
Implications for Social Policy
The research findings neither dictate nor preclude any particular social policy, because they can never determine our goals. They can, however, help us estimate the likely success and side-effects of pursuing those goals via different means.
The following professors — all experts in intelligence and allied fields — have signed this statement:
Richard D. Arvey, University of Minnesota
Thomas J. Bouchard, Jr., University of Minnesota
John B. Carroll, Un. of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Raymond B. Cattell, University of Hawaii
David B. Cohen, University of Texas at Austin
Rene V. Dawis, University of Minnesota
Douglas K. Detterman, Case Western Reserve Un.
Marvin Dunnette, University of Minnesota
Hans Eysenck, University of London
Jack Feldman, Georgia Institute of Technology
Edwin A. Fleishman, George Mason University
Grover C. Gilmore, Case Western Reserve University
Robert A. Gordon, Johns Hopkins University
Linda S. Gottfredson, University of Delaware
Robert L. Greene, Case Western Reserve University
Richard J.Haier, University of Callifornia at Irvine
Garrett Hardin, University of California at Berkeley
Robert Hogan, University of Tulsa
Joseph M. Horn, University of Texas at Austin
Lloyd G. Humphreys, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
John E. Hunter, Michigan State University
Seymour W. Itzkoff, Smith College
Douglas N. Jackson, Un. of Western Ontario
James J. Jenkins, University of South Florida
Arthur R. Jensen, University of California at Berkeley
Alan S. Kaufman, University of Alabama
Nadeen L. Kaufman, California School of Professional Psychology at San Diego
Timothy Z. Keith, Alfred University
Nadine Lambert, University of California at Berkeley
John C. Loehlin, University of Texas at Austin
David Lubinski, Iowa State University
David T. Lykken, University of Minnesota
Richard Lynn, University of Ulster at Coleraine
Paul E. Meehl, University of Minnesota
R. Travis Osborne, University of Georgia
Robert Perloff, University of Pittsburgh
Robert Plomin, Institute of Psychiatry, London
Cecil R. Reynolds, Texas A & M University
David C. Rowe, University of Arizona
J. Philippe Rushton, Un. of Western Ontario
Vincent Sarich, University of California at Berkeley
Sandra Scarr, University of Virginia
Frank L. Schmidt, University of Iowa
Lyle F. Schoenfeldt, Texas A & M University
James C. Sharf, George Washington University
Herman Spitz, former director E.R. Johnstone Training and Research Center, Bordentown, N.J.
Julian C. Stanley, Johns Hopkins University
Del Thiessen, University of Texas at Austin
Lee A. Thompson, Case Western Reserve University
Robert M. Thorndike, Western Washington Un.
Philip Anthony Vernon, Un. of Western Ontario
Lee Willerman, University of Texas at Austin
What this article avoids mentioning (intentionally?) is that repeated attempts to prove that there is a causal link between race and IQ, failed. Correlation exists and is undeniable, but correlations can correspond to three different general causal models (A causes B, B causes A, a third factor C causes both A and B), only two of which are relevant in this case, and only one of which would actually indicate inherent trend towards lower IQ for blacks. Nobody still managed to rule out the third causal model (extra factor being a common cause), and in fact there are strong indications that it's the third model that's actually the correct one.
Black kids who grew up adopted in white families show IQ levels similar to that of their white peers. Furthermore, targeted education can significantly enhance their IQ scores to that above the white peers' mean. Of course, such education is applicable to children of all ethnic backgrounds...
The point is that we still have to reason to regard the correlation between race and IQ as being genetically causal in origin -- and you may bnotice that the above statement didn't make such a claim, even though you or your racist buddies would love to.
Re: Is there any truth to racism??
FotS: you might want to read Zimbardo and Gerrig's refutation of The Bell Curve.
Zimbardo, Gerrig.(1996) "Psychology and Life: 14th edition", pp.566-567. New York: HarperCollins
And since you didn't bother explaining the contents of the book, I'll end my post here. (also because I ran out of food, am hungry, and must go shopping. )
"And when the hourglass has run out, the hourglass of temporality, when the noise of secular life has grown silent, and its restless and ineffectual activism has come to an end... When everything around you is still, as it is in eternity, then eternity asks you and every individual in these millions and millions about only one thing: whether you have lived in despair or not." Soren Kierkegaard The Sickness Unto Death
Re: Is there any truth to racism??
statistics was my favorite subject both in undergrad and grad school. I spent 4 years studying Experiment/design methodology in my undergrad days.
The bell curve is rock solid, it was attacked for political reasons, not scientific. The book is rock solid. Many of the top psychologists, mathematicians, statisticians and sociologists support the book and its findings.
come on folks, dont play dumb. We all know the conclusions it points to are resoundingly correct.
quit playing the semantic or nittypicky games.
The bell curve is reality, come out of your liberal fantasy worlds.
Quote: statistics was my favorite subject both in undergrad and grad school. I spent 4 years studying Experiment/design methodology in my undergrad days.
And which school would that be? What is your degree in? Inquiring minds want to know.
Quote: The bell curve is rock solid,
Bullshit. They never showed lack of partial correlation between race/intelligence and cultural and social background; therefore, they never showed causal connection between the two, since they never ruled out the common ancestor causal model.
"Bell Curve" was attacked because it is based on unsound statistical analysis of the available data. Its conclusions are not supported by evidence.
Re: Is there any truth to racism??
Why persist this false notion that the races are all equal in intelligence?
The races are not equal in matters of intelligence. There are racial differences and they are significant.
This fact is proven by looking at middle class and blacks raised by the wealthy. As a group their is only small and insignificant gains in IQ, even for blacks raised middle class and upper class.
The races are not equal in matters of intelligence. This does not mean that there aren't genius blacks and so forth, their are individual differences and overlap of intelligence among the races, but taken as a whole there are racial and group differences that are statistically significant.
The mean black IQ is at about 85, the mean IQ of whites is 100 and the mean IQ of Jews is 115. The asian mean IQ is 103. Thus there is about a standard deviation between differences in matters of intelligence.
So why say there arent when all the data and evidence proves this to be statistically correct?
Re: Is there any truth to racism??
"So why say there arent when all the data and evidence proves this to be statistically correct?"
The data and evidence does not actually show anything.
The statistical models, unfortunately, are just that - Models - and any flaws in our perception of intelligence are carried into the models.
Quite simply, though there is truth to racism such as "whites are smarter than blacks" such statements as "whites are intrinsically smarter than blacks" or "whites are genetically better than blacks" are unwarranted and nearly impossible to prove because one simply cannot remove environmental factors from their perceptions/the actions of a group.
"racism n 1: the prejudice that members of one race are intrinsically superior to members of other races 2: discriminatory or abusive behavior towards members of another race"
I have never seen any proof that blacks are intrinsically less intelligent than whites, or intrinsically inferior, only so in the context of our (white) society.
The second definition of racism, i'm sure, you disagree with, that we should never be abusive or destructive towards members of another race...this denotes both ignorance of actual human value and the wish to remain ignorant of people as individuals - the choice to view a mob as evil instead of considering its complex parts.
So yes, there MIGHT BE truth in racism, but most definitely not in the second definitive sense :P
Quote: Why persist this false notion that the races are all equal in intelligence?
This is the default assumption, in effect until proven false. This is how science works -- you pose a hypothesis, then you try to disprove it. Nobody has yet managed to do so, much as you hate that fact.
MODAtheist is exactly right. That blacks are on average less intelligent than whites in our society is a trivial fact; why this is so, is not. An average white medieval peasant would also be on average less intelligent than an average citizen from some country with a decent education system (white or otherwise), but that does not mean that the difference is genetic rather than cultural.
Quote: This fact is proven by looking at middle class and blacks raised by the wealthy. As a group their is only small and insignificant gains in IQ, even for blacks raised middle class and upper class.
What about the word "cultral" don't you understand?
Quote: So why say there arent when all the data and evidence proves this to be statistically correct
YOu have no clue about statistics, do you? I am fairly sure that you lied when you claimed extensive educational background in sytatistical analysis and experimental methodology.
DO you know that nose length is correlated with math ability? It's true! adults on average have longer noses than kids, and do math better -- but the original claim is misleading and false in its implications.
Similarly, just because there is a correlation between race and IQ< does not mean that there is a relevant causal link between the two.
Quote: DO you know that nose length is correlated with math ability? It's true! adults on average have longer noses than kids, and do math better -- but the original claim is misleading and false in its implications.
Very true. There's also a strong correlation between number of drowning incidents and the consumption of ice cream.
(the fact that they both tend to rise in the summer can't be relevant, though... can it?)
"And when the hourglass has run out, the hourglass of temporality, when the noise of secular life has grown silent, and its restless and ineffectual activism has come to an end... When everything around you is still, as it is in eternity, then eternity asks you and every individual in these millions and millions about only one thing: whether you have lived in despair or not." Soren Kierkegaard The Sickness Unto Death
Did you know that TV and monitor radiation cause people to be fat? It's true. People who watch television and sit at the computer a lot are generally fatter than people that don't on average!
Re: Is there any truth to racism??
Pondering The Black Underclass
Not Colin Powell And The Cosbys
The recent race war in Cincinnati -- which is what it was -- might reasonably lead one to ponder the black underclass, its nature, behavior, crimes, and intentions toward whites. Permit me a few unpleasant observations, inescapable after years on the police beat:
Crime by the underclass is racial, predatory, and very much targeted against whites. The motive is hatred more often than economic gain. The media carefully, systematically, by deliberate policy, hide these things.
The foregoing can be independently verified by anyone. The data are there, on the Internet.
During the Cincinnati riots, I heard through police back-channels of blacks pulling white women from cars and beating them. I didn't write about it. If I had quoted my sources, they would have been fired for talking. Without sources, I'd have been dismissed as engaging in racist fantasy.
But then, on April 23, the columnist John Leo of US News and World Report broke journalistic ranks. * He wrote of one white woman (probably the one I'd heard about) who was attacked and beaten. More chillingly, he reported that "Another driver assaulted by the mob was Roslyn Jones, an albino black woman, hit by a hail of bricks, one of which struck her in the head. The attack stopped when someone shouted, 'She's black!'" (My italics.)
It's racial, people.
Rioting blacks regularly beat whites. We know about Reginald Denny, kicked into brain damage by gangs of blacks in LA. Similar instances have occurred from Los Angeles to Dade County to Cincinnati. All were quickly buried by the media. On the streets of Washington I have myself seen whites swarmed and beaten bloody on two occasions -- two young Australian tourists walking in Georgetown, for example.
The viciousness merits attention. Whites kids riot, yes, usually about politics. They run excitedly about, get arrested and gassed, wave signs, and assuage their hormones. They do not stomp people. White college kids do not grab an official of the IMF, kick him until he hemorrhages to death, and laugh.
The underclass does. When urban blacks surround a car, pull out a terrified woman they believe to be white, and hit her in the head with bricks, they're not playing. They want to hurt, cripple, kill. That's what bricks do.
The underclass is what we have in the cities. One day it will come out. We won't like it. They are not the nice black family down the street with the two polite kids and a Toyota. They are something very different.
In the recent Mardi Gras riots in Seattle, gangs of blacks again attacked whites. So many people saw it, and got it on videotape, that the media couldn't quite hide it. For example, blacks attacked a white woman, after which a young white guy tried to help her. They stomped him to death.** Press was minimal. Can you imagine the furor if whites had attacked a black woman, and murdered a black rescuer?
The media, again, are consciously lying about race. It is lying by crafted omission, by artful editing, but it is lying. If the police stop too many blacks on the highway, coverage is national and unending. If the underclass stomps a white to death, a hush follows.
Examples abound. In Wichita this year*** two black men captured five young whites at gunpoint, forced them to perform various sexual acts on them and each other, of course raped the women, and then killed them all, execution style, except for one woman. Bleeding and naked, she walked through the snow for help.
Two things: First, the motive was hatred. You can rob people without harming them. The attackers intended to humiliate and kill. Second, note the near perfect suppression of the story. If you heard about it at all, it was probably on the Internet.
The hatred of the underclass for whites is not new. Neither is the targeting of white women. In the Sixties the rapist and Black Panther Eldridge Cleaver wrote at length in Soul On Ice (chapter one), of the underclass black's desire to attack white women. Don't believe me. Read it.
The foregoing anecdotes are just that -- anecdotes. The Department of Justice, however, collects data on crime -- the Uniform Crime Reports,**** the National Crime Victimization Survey, ***** and so on. The author Jared Taylor ****** analyzed these figures and found that a black is 55 times as likely to attack a white than vice versa, 103 times as likely to rob, 40 times as likely to rape a white woman than a white man is to rape a black woman, and 237 times as likely to gang up on whites to rob them.
This will be unbelievable to many. But check the numbers for yourself.
Now, I will be accused of racism for saying these things. All right. I hereby make a proposal to the NAACP: Let's hire a first-line accounting firm to make a study of the figures, and publish both its results and its methods. If I'm wrong, I'm wrong, and will say so. Do I have any takers?
Unless this stops, we face disaster. One day things will explode.
Nothing suggests that it will stop. I see no signs that the black underclass is shrinking, and many signs -- the huge number of children -- that it is growing. These people simply cannot be integrated into a techno-industrial European society. They bear no resemblance to middle-class blacks one sees in offices. They are parasitic, uneducable, criminally predatory -- and they hate whites.
As blacks grow in numbers, they take over city after city. While these governments are not of the underclass, and don't want riots, they will of political necessity support the underclass. And, I suspect, no blacks at all really like whites. The danger is that whites may weary of it. If they ever push back, the potential for irremediable, ghastly, self-sustaining conflict will be high. I'll guess the country couldn't recover.
It had better not happen, but it could. Any spark could light it. One day the underclass, rioting, may go into white neighborhoods to stomp and burn. They won't expect resistance, because they have never met it. I don't think Al and Jesse quite know how many deer guns, how many Weatherbys and .223s sit quietly in closets out here. If a mob comes toward a man's home, where his wife and children are, the results will be astonishing. The police will immediately polarize, black versus white. So will everybody else. Government will be irrelevant. And the whole country just might blow up.
Re: Is there any truth to racism??
Quit funny to see some pretended analysis on IQ among races done by one of them race that has the reputation to pretend to be the superior.
How significant and objective the tests are? The resutls are based on what?
It all depend onto what is a sign of intelligence and what is not... and most of all, who decide that.
Many whites like to image themselve superior than natives because they are way more evoluate in technology. They think it improve their lives and make it much better than the poor babarian native ones. They simply forget that they manage pollution of the environnement so bad that they are about to destroy the world word while natives had the reputation to be one of the wisiest attitude on their environnement. Who is the most intelligent then? Based on what?
The influence of the culture, the environnement, and the circle of friends can all affect the development of children in many points. Someone borned in very religious familly that learned you to rely on god's will instead of asking yourself why the life goes like this, you have less chance to development your intelligence compared to someone that can develop its curiousity.
Last year on the TV news, we saw a young 17 years old boy that had an accident on the road. His fun was to cross the boulevard with his bycicle in the rush our. His familly said about him that he was one of the most intelligent of his class, always the bests results, very IQ, big future in perspective, until he got smashed by a truck while he was doing his crazy game.
Can we say that he was not intelligent enough to live? You must be very stupid to risk your life in that kind of game. He wasn't 7 years old, it is not like if he wasn't aware of the danger. What a finish for a high ranked IQ guy!
Question!
Can we doubt about the intelligence of people that considere the IQ of a person as a sign of superiority?
Is it possible that some "race" has a little chance to have a better IQ? I don't know and who cares. The difference cannot be higher enough to be an object and the issue is meaningless.
Re: Is there any truth to racism??
You have GOT to love this:
---snip
"Employees of nearby Bavarian Motors heard her screams and began to chase
Williams down Reading Road, armed with ballbats and a hammer."
-snip
A Bavarian employee called 911.
''We've got a black male going up Reading Road, 6-2, 220 pounds, just beat the
... out of a female,'' said a man who called 911 at 5:16 p.m. ''He's running,
he won't stop... He beat up a Talbert House lady.''
---snip
Feel the pain of our black brothers... ;-> It's those racist white folks in
Cincinnati causin' all the trouble! Chasin' after a brotha' with bats and
hammers just 'cause he been beatin' on some woman!
Attacker shot
By Craig Garretson, Post staff reporter
A Cincinnati police officer shot and wounded a Mount Auburn man who choked a
woman almost to unconsciousness Wednesday and then moved toward the officer
with a 10- to 11-inch knife.
Antione Williams, 21, was shot in the groin from 6 feet away by Police Officer
Matt Martin, 28, at Dorchester Avenue and Reading Road about 5:20 p.m. after
witnesses to the attack on the woman chased him up Reading Road, said police
Chief Thomas Streicher Jr.
Three teen-age girls who said they saw the confrontation said Williams moved
toward Martin with the knife poised to strike him.
''The guy that got shot was coming at him with the knife,'' said Abigail Asher,
15. ''We were standing right there. The man charged up to him waving this knife
and then we heard the gunshot.''
Williams was in stable condition at University Hospital. He faces charges of
aggravated murder and aggravated robbery. The woman he assaulted - Sonya
Johnson, 24, of Clifton, an employee of Talbert House, was treated at Good
Samaritan Hospital and released.
She told police that Williams choked her to the point of almost passing out,
dragged her and stole her car keys.
Employees of nearby Bavarian Motors heard her screams and began to chase
Williams down Reading Road, armed with ballbats and a hammer.
When Martin, a five-year veteran of the police division, arrived, he initially
thought Williams was the victim and called to him to protect him from the men
chasing him, police said. But as Williams approached Martin, the officer saw
his knife and ordered him to halt and drop his weapon. Williams repeatedly
refused and advanced, police said, and Martin fired once when Williams was
within six feet.
The shooting comes nearly six weeks after another police shooting of a black
man - that one fatal - that touched off three days of riots and weeks of
protests by residents who say officers are too quick to shoot black men. Both
Officer Martin and Williams are black.
Twenty witnesses told police that Williams attacked the woman about 5:15 p.m.
in a parking lot at 1635 Reading Road, next to Bavarian Motors in Mount Auburn.
A Bavarian employee called 911.
''We've got a black male going up Reading Road, 6-2, 220 pounds, just beat the
... out of a female,'' said a man who called 911 at 5:16 p.m. ''He's running,
he won't stop... He beat up a Talbert House lady.''
In a call at 5:14 p.m., a man tells the dispatcher ''there's a woman being
attacked in a parking lot,'' while moments later a woman is heard screaming in
the background, at one point shrieking, "He tried to kill me.''
At 5:21 p.m., two women called 911 to say they'd seen a police officer shoot a
man.
Martin is on paid administrative leave for seven days while the shooting is
investigated, which is police policy after any shooting, Streicher said.
Re: Is there any truth to racism??
Now you racist bastards have called upon the wrath of the WORLDS MARTIAL ARTS CHAMPION . But unlike you weakling , I have no need for extra long posts , So I will keep it as short as possible.
There Are No Superior or Inferior races due to the fact that every race has its downfalls .
The average IQ of a black man and a white man would be the same if the same educational facilities were available to the ones that you call "inferior"
Urban high schools nearly always do better on regents exams than suburban ones
MY IQ is 134 , guess what my race is . You cant because IQ is not enough.
The average black persons IQ is not around 85 , its around 109 just the same as every one elses race.
Orientals tend to be more intelligent due to the fact that they study way harder than everyone else on earth .
White men cannot comprehend how ancient black men were able to create the pyramids , and the aqueducts they used for their cities . Maybe there were some Europeans helping out in Africa during that time? ITS ALL A TRICK I TELL YA!
Open heart surgery , street lights , simple mathematics , early systems of writing and hieroglyphics , and even some elements of chemistry could not be possible without its black inventors .
.
Blacks commit alot of crimes , but none of them include genocide , serial killing , suicide , going columbine on a school , poisoning , and other inventive ways of torture and mutilation . THEY WERE PROBABLY USING MAGNETS!
Theres alot of insanity among blacks , but the number doesn't even leave a dent in the number of whites that go to the crazy house .
Do you actually believe the wheel was created by some caveman?
The Japanese kick everyones ass every year on different standardized tests , how come they don't rule the world? Because of a certain destructive race of people who hold most of the worlds heavy duty armaments.
Blacks by the same people that made your statistics show that they tend to be lazier than most other races.
Of all the races , it is the extremely mixed ones that achieve better scoring in aptitude tests than any other .
If the only thing a black person is good at is getting a basketball into a hole , then who are the ones that shoot small round disks into a net?
Lacrosse is gay .
AND ANOTHER THING . I HAVE AN AFRO , LOOK AT ME ! ITS ALL A TRICK AND IF YOU EVER DOWN ANOTHER RACE THAT IS NOT YOUR OWN EVER AGAIN , YOU WILL BE BEAT DOWN ...by the worlds martial arts champion
...your not worthy .
*this is my victory sign btw*
"Majin Dan Doesnt Stand A Chance! I know All of his tricks . YOU PLANTED BOMBS!"
Re: Is there any truth to racism??
Although I'm too lazy to look up the information, a recent study suggested that by the times blacks complete college (undergraduate) they have caught up in IQ with their white peers. This again suggests an environmental effect on intelligence, so-called, one which can be countered with adequate education.
Similarly, after a lawsuit in Chicago, a number of black families were moved to the suburbs. There was an amazing difference between students there and those remaining in the inner city in their educational success, and particularly with regard to education post high school.
Unfortunately for FOTS and other bigots, as more and more blacks attain a better education this argument will become passe except amongst the most ignorant of bigots, those out of the loop on the latest in genetic superiority arguments. FOTS might try two avenues: either work to decrease black opportunities or look elsewhere for information and arguments. The Nazis had a number of interesting theories and certainly they haven't been heard lately.
That FOTS has accomplished post-graduate work shows that there is obviously no necessary correlation between education and compassion. If we are sufficiently broadminded to allow that there is no real human intelligence absent compassion, then FOTS and his kind are truly simpleshits.
I doubt he did. He at least claimed to have studied statistics and experimental methodology extensively, and yet he has repeatedly shown himself to be extremely incompetent in those areas. There are also auxilliary clues to indicate that he couldn't possibly be old enough to have actually received multiple graduate degrees, as he claimed.
IQ can vary during a given day for various reasons. While I don't advocate drugs, try taking a test stoned and then not. Try them while suffering anxiety and not. Depression has been suggested to effect IQ by up to 20 points. There are a number of formerly very intelligent schizophrenics who perhaps couldn't answer a single question. Try tests relative to eating a whole pizza. Try the "Mozart effect."
During my high school years the SAT's were written in such a way to correlate with intelligence -- Mensa accepted them as a substitute for their test -- although now they have become, or so I am led to believe, achievement tests (and Mensa will not accept them). It was not uncommon for scores to improve on repeated testings, and certainly to vary.
If one knows the kinds of questions which appear on IQ tests one can in fact practice for them and see an improvement in the score.
There are then a number of circumstances which can effect the score, a useful or useless tool as you might see it. It has long been argued that the tests themselves reflect a cultural bias, and after the acclimation received through "higher" education it would stand to reason that this bias could be in part overcome.
An aborigine tribe was found somewhere in the Pacific and one of the tribesmen's visual perception was tested. In terms of spatial reasoning he was a genius. You have muscles by which you can learn to wiggle your ears, useless now to the species.
And it is useless to tell someone their IQ is x and that it can never be improved upon. My understanding, from psychologists, is that it is not true, and my own experience is entirely contrary to it, as I found fruition as an adult and continue, at 50, to bloom. Your IQ is no more fixed than your weight, although it is much easier to put on weight than IQ points. That is also my experience.
Re: Is there any truth to racism??
Hmm, I'd like to see what Victor has to say about this. I thought one's IQ never goes up, but can go down. Well, that's what someone told me anyhow. I argued against it but then I believed him.
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